The Four Witnesses
SUBJECT INDEX
A | B | C | D
| E | F | G | H
| I | J | K |
L | M | N | O
| P | Q | R | S
| T | V | W | Z
Aaron, 122
Abraham, 30, 312; and Isaac, 354-55, 373-74; Jesus and, 312; Job and, 136-37; in Luke, 218-19, 239; Unveiling [Revelation] of, 131-32
Acts of the Apostles. See Mission [Acts]
Adam and Eve, 7, 27, 283, 294, 315, 316, 336; new Adam, 404
Advocate, Breath [Spirit] of God as, 358-59
Agricola, conqueror of Britain, 204
Akiba, Rabbi, 307, 338
Alexander the Great, 92
Alexander, son of Simon of Cyrene, 37
Alexandria, 65, 92, 113
Ambrosiaster, commenting on Paul, 51
Ananias, 217
Ananias of Damascus, and Paul, 245, 248
Andrew, pupil of Jesus, 320
Anna, 205-6
Anointed One [The Christ; Messiah], 16, 46, 76, 78-80, 86, 123, 128-30, 144, 165, 169, 170, 205, 207, 320; concept that he must suffer and die, 261-62, 287. See also Jesus
Antioch in Pisidia, 246
Antioch in Syria, 6, 8, 38, 52, 62-63, 99; church in, attacks on, 120; division in church, 140-43, 163; groves of Daphne, 113-14, 141; Jews in, 110-14; Rome and, 111-14; story of Maccabees, 251-52, 295; synagogue in, 111-12
Antiochus Epiphanes, 111-12, 209, 251-52
Antipas, Herod’s nephew, 141
Antiquities of the Jews, The (Josephus), 123-26, 230-31. See also Josephus.
Aphrodisias, inscription in, 192-93
Apollonius of Tyana, 226-27
Aquila and Prisca, 50, 51, 52
Aramaic, 17; Mark’s Greek and, 17; Matthew, gospel written in, 17; Peter and, 41; Son of Man in, 83
Archelaus, 111
Augustine, bishop and theologian, 299
Augustus, Emperor, 28, 50, 65, 202-3, 204, 232
Babylon: capture of Jerusalem, 41; idolatry of, 41; symbolism of, 41, 57-58
Balaam, 128-29
Baptism, 344, 347-48
Barabbas, 208, 370
Bar Kochba, 129
Barnabas, 8, 38, 52, 111, 141, 142, 224
Bartimaeus, 238
Baruch, 107-8, 177-78, 179
Beginning [Genesis], 16, 26, 122, 293-94; the Word in, 7. See also Adam and Eve
Bethel, 324
Bethlehem, 124, 151, 232
Book of Unveiling [Revelation], 8, 39, 384; ancient poetry of Israel in, 39; Babylon as Rome, 41; Easter and, 405; final Festival of Shelters, 341; Nero in, 94; new Jerusalem, 341; seven churches in, 75-76; prophecies of Joel, 40; red dragon, 276-77, 375; Rome in, 39, 41-42, 206, 274-76; unveiling and theme of the gospels, 286, 384; woman in, 276-77, 375
Breath [Spirit] of God, see God, Breath of
Caesarea, 35, 36
Caiaphas, 232, 353
Calanus, philosopher, 227-28
Caligula, Emperor, 54, 65, 111
Cana, wedding at, and water into wine, 326
Carneades, philosopher, 72
Celsus, 229-30, 231, 268-69
Census [Numbers], 122, 129, 256
Cerinthus, opponent of John (our fourth witness) 287
Christians: in Antioch, 120, 140-43; circumcision issue, 110, 394; Claudius, expulsion of Jews from Rome and, 49-50, 51; in Corinth, 39, 50, 62-63, 69; criticism by Celsus, 229, 231,268-9; distinction from Judaism made, 61-62, 65-66, 104-5, 141-42, 198; division and rivalry among, 62-63, 140-43, 361-62, 386-87; early, small numbers of, 39, 143-44; ekklesia, 50; in Ephesus, 39, 50; exorcisms and, 70; fire in Rome as symbol for, 57-58, 60; Gentiles and, 38, 52, 141-42, 155-60, 192, 197, 231-34, 245-47; growth of movement and church at Dura, 94-95; Jewish alienation from, 247-48; Jews and Jewish law, 38, 50-51, 141-42, 161-63, 192-93, 231, 245; leaders’ complacency, Mark’s gospel as criticism of, 60-61; Mission [Acts] and, 23, 37-38, 219; as new Israel, 134-35, 137, 138, 140; Old Order references and, 63, 67, 76, 78-80; patrons of early church, 193; Paul’s list of early members, 51-52; Paul’s role in founding early churches, 39-40; persecution following crucifixion, 243; Pliny’s letter on, 271-73; rival cults and personalities, 226-28; Romans, elite as, 193-94; in Rome, 39, 49-51; Rome’s first great attack on, following fire, 45, 61-63, 82, 94; spreading of, first thirty years, 22, 38; Tacitus’ description of, 61, 66, 82. See also specific gospels
Chrysostom, John, 161
Cicero, Roman statesman, 230
Circumcision, 110, 394
Claudius, Emperor, 49-50, 52, 61
Clement, Bishop, of Rome, 45; Letter to Corinthians, 62
Collection of Sayings (known as ‘Q’], 164-70, 211, 213, 398
Commentary on the Lord’s Sayings (Papias), 47, 54, 99-100, 391
Constantine, Emperor, 226
Corinth, 39, 50, 62-63, 69, 193; Bishop Clement, Letter to Corinthians, 62; Paul, Second Letter to Corinthians, 181-83
Cornelius, in The Mission, 245-46
Creation: chaos and, 296, 297, 352; God’s image and, 315; Greek queries on, 295; John, Gospel of, and Jesus, 195, 283, 293-97, 297-307; light and, 296-97; the Word and, 297, 352
Crucifixion: clothes as booty, casting of lots for Jesus’ robe, 87, 87, 374; cross carried by condemned man, 37; Jesus’, 4, 37, 86-88, 175-76, 201, 223, 249, 374-77, 383, 389-405; Jews blamed for death of Jesus, 101, 162-63, 175, 242-43, 244; men condemned with Jesus, 37, 223; Pentecost riots and, 31; placard above condemned man’s head, 22; placard above Jesus’ head, 22, 37, 46; portents following, 88, 176, 249, 325; Rome’s method of, 22, 37, 87; Rome’s use of, Galilee, 111
Cyprus, 111, 246
Daemons, 70-72, 74, 268-71; in Greek, 72
Daniel, prophecies of, 33, 46, 63, 67, 81-83, 84-85, 91, 134, 250-51; beasts depicted by, 63; hymn of Azariah, 252
David, 28-29, 71, 137, 149, 204, 238, 337
Dead Sea Scrolls. See Qumran
Demetrius the Besieger, 224-25
Demetrius II, King of Antioch, 112
Deuteronomy. See Second Law
Didache. See Teaching of the Missionaries
Dio Cassius, Roman historian, 228
Disciples, 15. See Pupils
Dura-Europas, church and synagogue in, 94-95
Easter, 201, 383-84, 389-404, in Luke, 208-9, 394-397, in John, 400-404, in Mark, 390-392, in Matthew, 392-394. See also Crucifixion; Jesus; Resurrection; specific gospels
Eden (paradise), 283, 341, 402-4
Ekklesia, 50
Eleazar, exorcist, recorded by Josephus, 71
Eleazar, freedom-fighter, 54
Eleazar, priest martyred under Antiochus Epiphanes, 251
Eleazar (ben Dama), Rabbi, about to be healed in name of Jesus, 73
Elijah, 78, 80, 88, 92, 165, 170, 199, 234, 318
Elisha, 234
Elizabeth, 198, 199, 200, 300
Emmanuel, 6, 151, 153, 392-94
Empedocles, philosopher, 227
Ephesus, 9; exiled Roman-Christians in, 50; John writing in, 39, 275, 286; Patmos and John the Seer, 39, 275, 286; Paul in, 39, 50; riot at, 39
Epilepsy, 270-71
Erastus, ‘city treasurer’ of Corinth, 193
Escape [Exodus], 16, 122; Moses, giving of the Law, and sacrifice, 255-56; name of God, 311; Passover commemorates, 29-30, 254; ransom and, 250
Ethiopia, Bible of, 306
Eucharist, 7, 76, 334-35, 396; Teachings of the Missionaries, 367-68. See also Last Supper
Eusebius: Christians at Pella, 103; Apollonius of Tyana, 226
Evil, 331-34
Exodus. See Escape
Exorcisms, 53, 70, 73-74, 75, 201, 268-71; epilepsy and, 270-71
Ezekiel, 76-77, 133, 176, 206, 340
Fasting, 131
Feast of Dedication [Hanukkah], 29, 32
Festival of Shelters [Sukkoth], 29, 32, 337-41, 349
Felix and Festus, 202, 208, 247-48
Final Judgment or return of Jesus (Last Day), 55-56, 172-75, 179, 213, 350, 351, 355, 356, 358. See also Kingdom of Heaven or God
Gaius, host of Corinthian church, 193
Galatia, Paul’s letter to, 141, 142, 184-86
Galen, physician, 271
Galilee, 36, 53, 54-56; fertility, 54-55; independence of people, 54; protest against Caligula, 54; pupils told to return to, 390-92, 393, 399; rebellions, 54
Genesis. See Beginning [Genesis]
Gentiles: as Christians, 38, 141, 155-60, 231-34, 245, 394; first converts, 52; Jewish Christians and, 50-51; Jewish laws and, 245-46, 394; Jewish ways and, 141; Luke writing for, 141, 231-34. See also Luke, Gospel of; Matthew, Gospel of; Mission [Acts]
God: Anointed agent [Messiah, Christ] of, expected, 22, 76, 205-6; Breath (Spirit) of, 116, 120, 131, 152, 154, 176, 86, 205, 241, 244, 325, 338, 339, 344, 346-47, 349, 358-60, 376; burning bush and, 311; desire to see, 357-58; “harvest” of the earth, kingdom of God on earth expected, 55-56, 63-65, 171-75, 207-11; as Lord (adonai), 16; name of, 311-13; Moses’ sight of, on Mount Sinai, 80, 81, 122, 182-83; obedience to, 22; as one with Jesus, 308-16; and god Jupiter, 91-92
Good Samaritan, 220
Graecina, Pomponia, 193-94
Greek language: Breath of God as advocate in, 358-59; archaic words and, 15; Gospels written in, 5, 15; martyr, 5; Son of Man in, 83-84; styles of, in the four gospels, 16-20; use in Roman Empire, 5
Hadrian, Emperor, 65
Halley’s Comet, 128
Hanina ben Dosi, teacher and miracle worker, 69
Hannah, 206-7
Hanukkah. See Feast of Dedication [Hanukkah]
Hebrew, 17, 20
Hermes and Tat, 363-65
Herod the Great: and John the Baptizer, 78; and buildings, 111; and Wise Men in Matthew, 123-24, 136; observes both Jewish and pagan religion, 111, 41
Herod Agrippa, 208, 247-48; Queen Berenice, 247
Herod Antipas, 106, 208, 223, 232
Hezekiah, 107
Hosanna, 32
Hosea, 119, 125-26, 134, 151, 201, 215
Hyssop, 376
Irenaeus, theologian, 286, 287
Isaac, 30, 311, 354-55, 373-74
Isaiah, 41, 58, 120-21, 128, 151, 152, 153-54, 185, 232-33, 250, 251, 264, 312, 338, 378; “Songs of the Servant of God,” 259-63
Israel: Anointed agent [Christ, Messiah] expected by, 22-23, 28-29, 76, 205, 206, 261; David’s reign of, 28; in desert, and lack of faith, 133-34, 136; Ezekiel’s vision of renewal, 176; Jesus and, 21-22; Jesus as Israel, 130-31, 134, 140; new Israel, 134-35, 137, 138, 140; obedience to God and, 22; oppression of, 64; Passover and, 22; punishment of, 215; Qumran sect and, 64; time of Matthew, 107. See also Jerusalem; Jews
Jacob, 321-25, 355-56
James, son of Zebedee, 53, 247
James, brother of Jesus, 141-42, 247
Jamnia, 108-9, 159
Jeremiah, 41, 107, 151, 165, 175, 186, 253
Jerome, theologian, 161
Jerusalem: Antonia Fort, 35; Babylonian conquest of, 41; as center of world, 29, 133; destruction of seen as punishment, 87, 163, 215, 237, 289; fall of, 587 b.c.e., 107-8, 177; fall of 69 c.e., and Roman destruction of Temple, 7, 22, 178-79, 197-98, 206, 214; Festival of Shelters [Sukkoth], 337-41, 349; Jesus arrives in, 22; Jesus enters, story in John, 32-35, 36, 370; Jesus in the Temple, 197, 205, 233, 338, 339, 349, 338; in Luke, 197-98; Mount of Olives, 29, 30; new, 341; Passover in, 22, 27-31, 35-36; Passover riots, 35-36; Pentecost riots in, 31; Peter and Paul at conference in, 246; Pool of Siloam (Place of Drawing), 338, 349; population, 22; Roman garrison in, 35-36; Temple, Caligula’s statue and, 54, 214; Temple, curtain rent at crucifixion of Jesus, 88, 176, 249, 325; Temple, dedication of, 337; Temple, description of and daily offering, 22, 23-27, 35, 198, 252; Temple, Garden of Eden and, 283; Temple, high priest and the Word, 314; war with Rome, 105-7, 172, 178-79, 202
Jesus: as Anointed One [The Christ; Messiah], 5, 16, 34-35, 46, 76, 78-80, 86, 123, 128-30, 144, 165, 169, 170, 205, 207, 261, 320, 338; appearance on mountain with Moses and Elijah, 80, 129, 216, 223, 235; arrest, condemnation, trial, 86-87, 129, 175-76, 207-8, 222-23, 312-13, 317-18, 328, 369-74; authority of, 118, 121, 128, 130, 169; baptism of, 116, 131; birth, 18, 123-26, 150, 151-55, 195-96, 199-200, 203; blame for death of, 101, 162-63, 175, 242-43, 244; blessings of, 116-20, 127, 170; body tended after death, 330, 400; breaking bread and consuming flesh and blood of Christ, 76, 334, 355, 396; crucifixion, 4, 22, 37, 87-88, 175-76, 201, 223, 249, 285, 374-77, 383, 389-405; crucifixion eyewitness, 285-86, 377; death, last words in John, 7, 277, 376, 383; death, last words in Luke, 223, 253, 383; death as ransom, 249-63; despair of, final words in Mark, 4, 87, 88, 290, 383; despair of, final words in Matthew, 120, 175-76, 383; as divine, 288, 290-91, 312-13; earthly kingdom seen as temptation, 35; Easter and resurrected, 392-94, 389-405; as Emmanuel [with us God], 6, 107, 151, 153, 392-94; enters Jerusalem, story in John, 32-35, 36, 370; feeding the multitudes, 35, 75-77, 329, 334, 344; followers of, after crucifixion, 37-42; generation of vipers and need to change, 116, 130, 170-71, 217, 254-55; historical, 14, 398-99; and Israel, 21-22; as Israel, 130-31, 134, 140, 155; in Jerusalem for Passover, 30, see also Last Supper (below); John the Baptizer and, 116-17, 152, 165-66, 184, 195, 217, 255; journey to Jerusalem, 19, 197, 234-39, 241; as king of the Jews, 22, 35, 116, 136, 370-71, 374; and kingdom of heaven or God, 58, 116-21, 171-75, 179, 207-16, 289; as lamb, sacrificial, 254-57, 320, 354, 373-74, 376; Last Supper, 76, 77, 222, 249-50, 257-58, 334-35, 367; law, Jewish, and 109-10, 145-50, 236-38, 246, 318, 327; law, new and, 122-23, 126-28; Law of Moses and, 109-10, 122-23, 238, 306-7; Lazarus, risen from the dead, 281, 282-83, 320, 344, 346, 347, 348-52; lineage, 185, 195, 196-97; as Lord (adonai), 16; as magician, 73; mercy and, 219-23; Moses, comparison, 121-28; as Moses’ successor, 30, 35, 75, 77, 80; as Moses’ superior, 80; name, associations with, 30; new commandment of, 361, 365; nonviolence and, 112-13; Peter and, 53, 55, 79-80, 139, 165, 169, 211; placard above Jesus’ head, 22, 37, 46; powers of (exorcisms, miracles, healing), 14, 53, 68-81, 156, 201, 222, 235-37, 290, 320-21, 326, 327, 329, 348-50; prophecies fulfilled by, 116, 120-21, 124, 125, 150-55, 165-66, 175, 176, 232-33; pupils, fleeing of, 4; pupils given power to exorcise by, 69; resurrected, in Luke, 208-9, 394-397, in John, 400-404, in Mark, 390-392, in Matthew, 392-394; return expected and delayed, 55-56, 172-75, 213; as savior, 203, 209, 232; Sermon on the Mount, 115-16; as shepherd, 203-4, 205; as Son of God, 88, 129, 131, 132, 134, 320; as Son of Man, 33, 83-86, 129, 134, 149, 150, 171-75, 195, 212, 239, 243-44, 288-90, 312, 321, 343, 344, 349; speaks of his rejection and impending death, 46, 60, 78, 289, 310-11; “stay awake” warning of, 61, 172-73, 216, 369; stilling the storm and walking on water, 77; as suffering and suffering servant, 258-63, 287, 289, 290-91; in Temple, after birth and age 12, 197, 205, 233; in Temple, Passover and Shelters, 338, 339, 349; temptations of, 35, 129, 135-39, 179; as Wisdom, 163-71; “woes,” 118-19, 170; women followers, 200-201, 223, 320, 348, 351-52, 356, 395; as the Word, 7, 281, 287, 297-307, 308, 313-16. See also specific gospels
Jesus, son of Eleazer, son of Sira, 24. See also Wisdom of Sira’s Son
Jews: academy at Jamnia, 108-9, 159; alienation from early church, 247-48; antagonism toward, 161-63, 287; in Antioch, 110-14; antiquity of worship, 229-30; Babylonian captivity of, 41; birth of Moses, 124-25; blame for death of Jesus, 101, 162-63, 175; as Christians, 6, 38, 50-51, 104-5, 109-10, 141-42, 155-60; circumcision, 110; dietary laws, 148-49, 245; Eighteen Blessings, 159-60, 162; exorcisms, 70-71; expulsion from Rome, 49-50, 51; God of, 36; Jesus as king of, 22, 35, 116, 136, 370-71, 374; observance of law, 108, 109-10, 122-23, 144-50, 198, 306-7, 341; Passover lessons, 30; pogrom in Alexandria, 38 c.e., 65, 112; rebellions against Rome, 30-31, 35-36, 37, 54, 90, 103, 129, 232, 338, 372; role of Anointed seen by, 35; Roman position on, 105-7, 108-9, 113, 142; in Rome, 6, 50-51, 61-62, 65-66; Sabbath laws, 149, 236-37; separation from Christians, 61-62, 65-66, 104-5, 142; threat of Christianity to, 160, 198, 243, 287
Job, 77, 136-37
Joel, prophecies of, 40, 242
Johannan, establishes academy at Jamnia, 108-9
John, son of Zebedee, 53, 285-86
John the Baptizer, 78, 80, 116-17, 131, 152, 165-66, 170, 184, 195, 239, 317, 318; baptism of tax collectors, 239; birth of, 197, 198-99; death of, 255, 300-301; as Elijah, 318, 320; followers of, 320-21; in gospels, reason for, 299-303; identity of, and identity of Jesus, 318-21; preparing the way, 232-33; Qumram and, 330-34, 361, 398; teachings of, 216-18, 255
John, Gospel of: Anointed, Jesus as, 170, 337; arrest and condemnation of Jesus, 370-74; author, identity of, 285-88; author as mystic and poet, 7, 283; baptism in, 344, 347-48; Breath, as Advocate, 358-60; Breath, baptizing in, 325, 339, 344, 346-47, 349; community of, 286-88, 303, 321, 330, 355, 358, 359, 361-62, 365-66; creation and Jesus, 195, 283, 293-97, 366; crucifixion in, 285, 374-77; darkness motif, 294, 327, 340, 352, 366; dating of, 287; death of Jesus in, 292-93; distinction from other gospels, 7, 288-93; divinity of Jesus, 287, 288-93, see also Jesus as God (below); Easter depicted, 400-404; editors of, 288; Ephesus, writing of in, 39; farewell and final teaching to pupils, 355-63, 366-67, 369; feeding the multitudes, 35, 329, 334, 344; Festival of Shelters [Sukkoth] and Jesus, 337-41; followers’ future depicted, 275, 277-78; gospel to function in church, as Jesus in gospel, 359, 389, 399; Hebrew influence, 20; Jacob and, 321-25, 355-56; Jesus enters Jerusalem, 32-35, 370; Jesus, as envoy of God, 308-11; Jesus, final words, 7, 277, 376; Jesus as God, 308-16, 343, 345-48, 357, 365, 398; Jesus as light, 298, 301-3, 327, 340, 349; Jesus as meeting point between heaven and earth; as true Temple, 324-25, 339, 341, 353; Jesus rides on an ass, 33, 339; Jesus as Son of God, 304; Jews as the enemy and hostile authorities, 287, 361; John the Baptizer in, 299-303, 318-21; Lazarus, risen from the dead, 281, 282-83, 320, 344, 346, 347, 348-52; Mark’s depiction contrasted with, 288-93; miracles in, 281, 282-83, 290, 320, 326, 327, 329, 344, 346, 347, 348-50, 362; Moses and, 291, 362, 374; new commandment, 361, 365; Nicodemus, 326-30, 334, 341, 342, 345, 346, 400; Old Order references in, 292, 293-97, 311-13, 338-9, 356, 371; opening of gospel, 19, 195, 297-307; opposition to Jesus and fear of authorities, 335-36, 349, 353, 372; promise that pupils will see heaven opened, 324-25; questioning of Jesus, 317-18, 349, 350, 370; Qumran sect and, 330-34, 361; reader’s role in, 294, 317, 337, 344-45, 366-67; rebirth in, 7, 282, 302, 328, 342-53, 356, 362, 365, 389, 399-400; riddles and contradictions in, 343-45, 360; Samaritan woman at the well, 329, 344, 376; overall strategy of, 282, 303-4, 389, 399; style of, 4, 20, 304, 317, 366-67; suffering and sacrifice of Jesus, 287, 290-91, 293, 354; temptations of Jesus, 35; Thanksgiving prayer, 368-69; sustained themes in, 265, 281-83, 342, 348, 354, 359; Thomas in, 304; trial of Jesus, 282, 317-18; Wisdom and, 304-7; the Word and, 7, 281, 287, 297-307, 308, 313-16, 352
John the Seer, 8, 39, 40, 75-76, 94, 206, 274-77, 384. See also Book of Unveiling [Revelation]
Jonathan Maccabeaeus, 112
Joseph, 125, 126
Joseph of Arimathaea, 126, 330, 400
Joseph’s Prayer, 323, 324, 363
Josephus, Jewish historian, 54, 62, 71, 91, 105-6, 110, 111, 112, 113, 123, 124, 140, 143-44, 178, 230-31, 337, 353, 375
Joshua, 28, 30
Judas Iscariot, 30, 175, 222, 241, 289-90, 310, 328, 336, 358, 369
Judas, leader of the Zealots, 36, 54
Julius Caesar, 50, 65
Junia or Junias, in Paul’s Letter to the Romans, 52
Jupiter, 91, 92
Justin the Martyr, and exorcism, 70
Justus, rival of Josephus, 105-6
Kingdom of heaven or God, 58, 116-21, 171-75; bridesmaids, 172; Final Judgment or return of Jesus, and delay, 55-56, 172-75, 179, 213-14, 254-55, 289; Jesus as ransom and, 254-63; Luke’s strategy of reassuring Rome and, 207-16; portents of, 171; sheep and goats parable, 173
Last Supper, 76, 77, 249-50, 257-58, 355-63, 367
Laws of Ritual (Leviticus), 122, 250
Lazarus the beggar, in Luke, 218-19, 221, 239
Lazarus, friend of Jesus, risen from the dead, 281, 282-83, 320, 344, 346, 347, 350-52
Letter to the Galatians, by Paul, 141, 142, 184-86
Letter to the Hebrews, 50
Letter to the Romans, by Paul, 50, 51, 146-47, 193, 196, 266, 282, 347, 348
Letter to the Thessalonians, First, by Paul, 186, 255, 355, 356
Livy, 229
Lord (adonai), 16
Lucan, 59-60, 61
Luke, Gospel of: addresses Christianity’s threat toward existing authority, 118, 202, 207-11, 219, 243; appearance of Jesus with Moses and Elijah, 235; arrest and condemnation of Jesus, 207, 223; audience of, 194-95; author of, identity, 7, 18, 23, 189-90; birth of Jesus in, 18, 196-97, 232-33, 398; Christians as heirs to Judaism, 231-40, 266-67; Collection of Sayings, 164-66, 168-69, 211, 213, 398; conversion to Christianity depicted in, 218, 240-41; crucifixion, 201, 223; dating of, 23, 197; Easter depicted, 394-97; “eye of a needle” teachings, 216-19; fall of Jerusalem and warnings by Jesus, compared to Mark, 214-16; Gentiles as Christians, 159, 198, 231; Good Samaritan, 220; healings in, 235-37; introduction and writing directed to Gentiles (Theophilus), 6, 18, 19, 190, 202, 210, 218, 242, 266-67, 397; Jerusalem in, 197-98, 215, 237; Jesus as Lord in, 16; Jesus as ransom, 202, 208, 209-10, 249-53, 258, 260; Jesus resurrected, on road to Emmaus, 208-9, 395-96; Jesus as suffering servant, 258-63; Jewish laws and Jesus in, 236-37; Jews depicted in as opposing the early church, 198; John the Baptizer, birth of, 197-99; John the Baptizer, preparing the way for Jesus, 232-33, 255, 300; journey to Jerusalem, 19, 197, 234-39, 241; journey of Paul, 240-41; journey of reader in, 240-41; kingdom of God within, not without, 207-16; Last Supper, 222, 258; Lazarus the beggar, 218-19, 221, 239; lineage of Jesus, 196-97; Mark and, comparison of exchange on law, 238; miracles by pupils, 69-70, 224; Mission [Acts] and, 38-39, 141, 192, 219, 241, 397; Old Order references in, 120-21, 195, 201, 209, 232-34, 255-57; Old Order versus New Order in, 195, 197, 199, 231, 240-41, 253; opening of gospel, 6, 191; Paul and, 240-41; Peter’s desertion of Jesus, 222; Pharisees in, 212, 220-21, 236, 349; power and divinity, 224-28; Profligate Son, 221-22; prophecies fulfilled in, 120-21, 212-16; pupils’ frailty in, 222; pupils hope for a savior, 209-11; Rome in, 7; shaping the story, 237-41; Simeon and Anna, Jesus in Temple, 205-6, 232-33, 241; Son of Man, coming of, and predictions, 212-16; source in Mark, 4, 18-19; stories of mercy in, 219-23; style and tone, 7, 18-19, 190, 241-42, 247, 395, 397; temptations of Jesus, 35; three strands in, 239-41; Wisdom, compared to Matthew, 164-69; “woes” in, 170-71; women depicted in, 200-201, 223; Zacchaeus story, 238-39. See also Mission [Acts]
Maccabees, 112, 209, 251-52, 295
Magic, 71-73, 268, 269-71
Malachi, 80, 165-66
Manaen, 141
Manna, 336-37
Mark, Gospel of: ancestors of Jesus in, 19; appearance of Jesus with Moses and Elijah, 80, 216, 235; author of, background, 5, 38, 45; context, the church in Rome, 49-67, 81-82, 264; context, Emperors Nero and Vespasian, 90-95; crucifixion, depiction of, 4, 37, 86-88, 383; Daniel and other Old Order references in, 46, 76-77, 79, 80, 81-83, 84-85, 87, 88; dating of writing, 4, 8; difficulty of choosing Christianity in, 46, 63, 66, 88-89; Easter, depiction of, 390-92; exorcisms by Jesus, 53, 70, 73-74, 75; feeding of people by Jesus, 75-77; fall of Jerusalem and warnings by Jesus, 214-16; fire in Rome, 64 C.E., and, 56-58, 59-60, 61; Gentiles in, 155, 156-58; Gethsemane, 369; healing of Peter’s mother-in-law, 53; healing in synagogue, 53; healing (“saving”) of woman, 74-75; introduction to, 45-48; Jesus, final words, 4, 48; Jesus as human in, 288-90, 383; Jesus on the mountain, 80-81; Jesus as ransom in, 250-51, 258, 260; Jewish laws, dietary, in, 148-49; Jewish laws, Sabbath in, 150; John the Baptizer in, 300; John’s gospel contrasted with, 288-93; journey to Jerusalem, 19; Last Supper, 257; Lucan compared to Mark, 59-60; opening eyes of the blind, 78-80; overview, story of contrasts, 45-46; parables in, 40, 96, 168, 264; Peter, Mark, and Galilee to Rome, 53-56; as Peter’s recollections as source, 42, 45, 47, 53, 54; as polemic against church leaders, 46, 95-96; powers of Jesus (exorcisms, miracles, healing), 53, 68-81, 156; pupils’ failures in, 61, 85-86, 222, 361, 390; Roman persecution of Christians and, 46, 61-63, 64, 82, 88-89; sermon of sowing of seed and harvest, 40, 47, 89; setting of authorship, 5; Son of Man, Jesus as, 83-86, 134, 195, 211, 343; as source for Matthew and Luke, 17, 18-19; stilling of storm and walking on water, 77; strategy, 398; style and tone, 4-5, 17-18, 19, 96; trial of Jesus, 35, 86-87
Martha, sister of Lazarus, 200-201, 320, 348, 351-52, 356
Martial, 66
Martyr, 5
Mary, mother of Jesus, 7, 125, 326; final words to, 375; song of, 18, 200, 202, 210, 300; virgin birth and, 151-55, 199-200, 398
Mary Magdalen, 201, 401-4
Mary, sister of Lazarus, 200-201, 348, 351, 352
Masada, 54
Matthew, Gospel of: Aramaic of, 17, 100; arrest and trial of Jesus, 175-76; attack on Jewish powers that be, 118-19; author in Antioch, 6, 99, 251; author, background of, 99-101; author as rabbinical writer, 6; birth of Jesus and flight to Egypt, 123-26; birth of Jesus and lineage, 184, 195, 196; birth of Jesus and virgin birth, 151-55, 195-96, 398; blessings of Jesus, 116-20, 127, 170; Collection of Sayings, 164-70, 211, 213, 398; community of, warnings to, 172-73; crucifixion, 120, 175-76, 383; date of writing, 107; devil/Satan in, 129, 135-39, 179; fasting, 131; Final Judgment and, 173-75, 179; Gentiles as Christians and, 141-42, 155-60, 394; Golden Rule, 106; hatred of Jews, Matthew’s words fuel, 101, 162-63, 175; Israel at time of origin, 107; Jesus as Israel, 130-31, 134, 140, 155; Jesus as king, 128-30, 136; Jesus and Moses in, 121-28; Jesus as teacher, 114-21; Jesus as Wisdom (unveiling), 162-71, 174; Jewish law and Matthew’s strategy, 122-23, 126-28, 145-50, 174, 180-86, 265, 394; John the Baptizer and, 116-17, 152, 165-66, 170, 184, 197-99, 255; Judaism and followers of Jesus, question of allegiance, 6, 101, 155-60, 231, 265; kingdom of heaven, 116-21, 171-75; Last Supper, 257-58; new Israel, 134-35, 137, 138, 140; Old Order references (and fulfilling the prophecies, e.g., Isaiah), 119, 123-26, 128-39, 150-55, 165-66, 175, 176, 259, 265; opposition to Paul’s stance on Jewish law, 101, 145-47, 180-86; organization of material, 114; Our Father, 164, 179; pearls before swine, 363; Peter and, 139; separation of Christianity and Judaism, 161-63; Sermon on the Mount, 115-21; source in Mark, 4, 17; strategy, 393-94; style and tone, 114-15, 138; temptations of Jesus, 35, 131-38; warning to stay awake in, 171-73; “woes,” 119-20, 170
Melchiresha, 64
Melchizedek, 64
Menecrates, 271
Miracles: in ancient world, 268-71; Apollonius, 226-27; Celsus on, 268-69; by pupils of Jesus, 69-70, 224; exorcism, 53, 69, 70-71, 73-74, 75, 201, 268-71; healing by Hanina ben dosi, 69; of Jesus, 14, 69, 70, 73-81, 201, 222, 235-37, 281, 282-83, 348-49; magic versus, 72-73, 268; Origen on, 268-69; source of power, daemons or God, 268-71; Thessalus, story of, 260-71; Vespasian and, 92-94
Mission [Acts], 6, 37-38, 397; acceptance of independent church, 242; author of, 38, 189-90; continuity with Gospel of Luke, 241; conversion of Paul, 244-48; dating of writing, 141; early church seen in, 23, 141; end of, 263-66; Gentile conversions and mission to, 246-47, 263-66; Gentiles and Jewish law, 198; God’s plan revealed in, 242-44; Jews’ alienation from the church, 247-48, 266; mission of Jesus and Paul, 259-60; Old Order references in, 242; opening of, 191, 197-98; Paul in Rome and, 6, 39; Paul’s journey to Rome, 248-49; Pentecost in, 242; Peter and, 38; Philip in, 259; radical teaching toned down, 218; Saul changed to Paul, 244-48; Stephen’s martyrdom and Paul, 243-44. See also Paul
Mithras, 95
Moses, 28; appearance with Jesus on mountain, 80, 129, 216, 223, 235; burning bush, 311; comparison with Jesus birth, 123-26; Escape [Exodus] and, 132; farewell of, compared to Jesus’, 362; feeding of Israel in wilderness, 35, 75, 132, 336; gives Israel conditions for living in the Promised Land, 135; giving of the law to, 122-23, 146, 255-56, 363; Jesus as successor to, 30, 35, 77; on Mount Sinai and glory on face, 80, 81, 122, 182-83; Place of Testing, 133-34, 136; raising a bronze serpent, 291, 374; sacrifice given by, 255-56
Mount Carmel, 92
Nag Hammadi, texts found at, 17, 398
Narcissus, head of household in Rome, 52
Nathanael, pupil of Jesus, 290, 320-21, 358, 374
Nazareth, 120, 160, 233, 374
Nephtali, 151, 152, 153
Nero, 46, 58-60, 226, 270; blamed for setting fire to Rome, 61; burning of Rome and, 58-61; Christians as scapegoats for, 61-63, 82, 94; comet during reign, 128; death of, 90; divinity claimed, 90; Greeks and, 65; John the Seer’s depiction, 94; Lucan and, 59-60, 61; poetry of, 59; rebuilding of Rome, 66; rumors of survival and pretenders, 90-91, 94
New Order [New Testament], in relation to Old Order, 195, 197, 199, 231, 240-41, 253. See also specific books
Nicodemus, 326-30, 334, 342, 343, 345, 346
Numbers, Book of. See Census
Old Order [Old Testament] (Bible of the Jews), 16, 63, 76, 78-80; Jacob’s vision, 321-25; Jesus final words, in Mark, and Psalms, 87-88; references in John, 292, 293-97, 311-13, 338-9, 356, 371; references in Luke, 120-21, 195, 201, 209, 232-34, 255-57; references in Mark, 46, 76-77, 79, 80, 81-83, 84-85, 87-88; references in Matthew, 116, 120-21, 123-26, 128-39, 150-55, 259; sacrifice in, 255-57; sea as symbol of chaos, 77. See also specific books.
Onias III, high priest, 112, 141
Origen, 268, 269
Our Father, 164, 179, 369
Papias, 47, 54, 99-100, 391
Parables, 40, 96, 168, 264, 173, 391. See also specific gospels
Passover, 27-32; Adam and Eve and, 336; ballad of, in Escape [Exodus], 31-32, 378-79; freedom promised by Anointed One, 28, 29; in Jerusalem, 22, 27, 29-31; Jesus’ death and, 254-58; John’s depiction of feeding of multitudes during, 35; lamb, 29-30; lamb and Jesus, 254-56, 369-70, 373-74, 376; Mount of Olives and, 29, 30; riots during, 35-36; song of praise, 28-29
Patmos. See also John the Seer
Paul, 6, 8, 37-38, 39; authority, 180-86; background of, 41; break and reconciliation with Mark, 38, 39, 185; church as Judaism’s legitimate heir, 266-67; conversion on road to Damascus, 38, 180, 181, 183, 218, 240-41, 244-49, 384; in Corinth, 30, 50, 69; in Ephesus, 39, 50; Felix, Festus, Herod Agrippa and, 202, 208, 247-48; fulfillment of Isaiah’s prophecy and, 265-66; Gentiles as Christians and, 155, 198, 246-48, 266; gospel received directly from God, 184-86, 388; idolatry, danger of and, 183, 224; Jewish alienation and, 247-48; Jewish law and break with Jerusalem, 141, 142-43, 145-47, 184-86; journey to Rome, 248-49; Letter to Corinthians, Second, 181-83, 385; Letter to the Galatians, 141, 142, 184-86; Letter to the Romans, 50, 51-53, 181, 193, 196, 266, 282, 347, 348, 385-88; Letter to the Thessalonians, First, 186, 255, 355, 356; Luke and, 7, 180; martyrdom and death of, 45, 62, 89; martyrdom of Stephen and, 243-44; Moses and, 182-83; on obedience to authority, 52-53, 63, 95; patrons of, 193; Peter and, 245-46; Philippians and, 160; presence, 8-9, 180, 384; as prophet, 185; rebirth and baptism, 387-88; and representation of Jesus, 180-84; Roman authorities and, 208; in Rome, 6, 39-40, 49, 50, 145-46, 197, 208; Saul changed to Paul, 244-48; scope of his mission, 180-86; veil imagery in, 182-83; wonder-working by, 69, 224
Pella, 103-4
Peregrinus, philosopher, 227, 228
Peter [Simon Peter], 8, 38; background of, 41, 53; called Satan by Jesus, 79, 139, 336; confronts breaking of dietary laws, 245; denial of knowing Jesus, 47, 53, 222; early church and, 67, 141-42; final night with Jesus, 356-57; First Letter of, 39, 45; healing of mother-in-law, 53; Jerusalem conference, 247; Jesus, relationship with, and recognition of him as Anointed One, 53, 55, 79-80, 139, 165, 169, 170, 211, 335-36; martyrdom and death of, 45, 47, 89; Paul and, 245-46; Pentecost and God’s plan revealed, 242-44; recollections set down by Mark, 42, 45, 47, 53, 54; return of Jesus expected by, 55-56, 213; risen Christ and, 395-96, 401; in Rome, 45; Second Letter of, 146
Petronius, Roman general, 54
Pharisees, 212, 220-21, 349. See also Nicodemus
Philip, 259, 290, 357, 358
Philo, Jewish philosopher, 65, 202, 314, 362
Philostratus, biographer of Apollonius of Tyana, 226
Phoebe, deacon near Corinth,193
Pilate, Pontius, 28, 35, 36, 143-44, 162-63, 175, 207-8, 223, 232, 370-74, 401; wife of, 175
Plato, philosopher, 295-96
Pliny, Roman governor, 267, 271-73, 334
Polycarp, bishop and martyr, 210, 286, 287
Poor, the, 115-17, 216-18
Poppaea, Empress, 62
Potter’s Field, 175
Priene, 203
Profligate Son, 221-22
Psalms, 87-88, 133
Pupils [Disciples]: appearance of Jesus with Moses and Elijah, 80, 129, 216, 235; blessings in Matthew, 120; bread and wine as flesh and blood, 334-35, 355; Breath of God given to, 205, 210, 241, 325, 376; disclosure of God’s plan to, 129-30, 264; doubting Thomas, 304, 357; Easter and, 389-405; farewell and final teaching to pupils, 347, 355-63, 366-67, 369; first followers of Jesus, 320-21; fleeing of, 4; frailties and failures, 61, 85-86, 222, 361; hope for a savior, 209-11; given new law, 122-23, 126-28; given power to exorcise, 69; groups represented by Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathaea, 330; night of Jesus’ arrest, 310-11; Pentecostal miracle and God’s plan revealed, 242-44; promise that pupils will see heaven, 324-25; replacement for Judas, 241; try to discourage Jesus’ journey to Jerusalem, 328-29; understanding of Jesus’ identity, 85-86, 168-70, 242, 264, 325, 335, 357, 390; women, 200-201, 223, 320, 348, 351-52, 356, 390, 392, 394, 400-4. See also Andrew, James, John, Judas Iscariot, Nathanael, Peter, Philip, Thomas
Pythagoras, philosopher, 92
Q. See Collection of Sayings
Quadratus, early Christian writer, 70
Qumram, 64, 128-29, 361, 398; Dead Sea Scrolls found at, 17, 64, 71, 103; John the Baptizer sect and, 330-34, 361, 398; John, Gospel of, and, 330-34
Rachel, 126, 151
Ransom, 202, 250; Jesus as, 208, 249-53, 258, 260
Rebirth, to be born again, 7, 282, 302, 328, 342-53, 356, 362, 365, 387, 399-400
Resurrection, and Paul’s First Letter to the Thessalonains, 355. See also Easter
Revelation. See Book of Unveiling [Revelation]
Rome: Augustus, 28, 50, 65, 202-3, 204, 232; as Babylon, 41-42, 45, 57-58; Britain, conquest of, 204; Caligula, 54, 65, 111, 214; center of world, 197; Christianity in, 39, 42, 49, 193-94; Claudius, 49-50, 52, 61; crucifixions by, 22, 31, 37, 87-88; emperor as divine, 65, 90; empire of, 28, 39, 202-4; expulsion of Jews, 49-50, 51; fall of Jerusalem and destruction of Temple, 7, 22, 178-79, 343; fire, 64 c.e., 5, 42, 46, 56-58, 59-60, 61; followers of Jesus in, 5; garrison in Jerusalem, 35-36; Hadrian, 65; imperial court, 58-61; Jesus viewed as rebel by, 22, 32; Jewish rebellions against, 30, 31, 37, 54, 90, 102, 129, 232, 338, 372; Jewish residences in, areas of, 5; Jewish population and treatment under Roman law, 50-51, 61-62, 65-66, 105-6, 108-9, 113-14, 142; Judaea, province of, 28, 91; Julius Caesar, 50, 65; in Luke, 9; Mark in, 45; Nero, 46, 58-60, 65, 66, 90-91, 128; persecution of Christians, following fire in 64 c.e., 5, 45, 46, 61-63, 82, 94; Paul in, 6, 39, 45, 51-52, 197; Peter in, 45; power of, 22, 94; rebuilding of, 66; slaves and former slaves in, 52; threat of Christianity to, 206-7, 243, 271-74; Tiberias, 105, 106, 111, 232; Titus, 107, 113, 178-79, 215; Trajan, 204, 272, 274; Vespasian, 91-94, 109, 178-79; war with Judaea, 105-7, 178-79, 202
Rufus, son of Simon of Cyrene, 37, 51-52
Samaritans, 220, 235-36; Good Samaritan, 220; woman at the well, 329, 344, 376
Samuel, 206-7
Sarah, 30
Satan (devil), 35, 129, 135-39, 179, 249, 276, 277, 328, 358, 359
Savior and saving, 75, 203, 209, 232
Second Law [Deuteronomy], 16, 122, 131, 132, 134, 135, 138, 146
Seleucus I, of Antioch, 110
Sepphoris, 105-6
Serapis, a god, 92-93
Severus, Sulpicius, 89
Simeon, 24, 25, 205-6, 232-33, 241
Simon of Cyrene, 37, 51
Solomon, 204-5, 337
Son of God, 88, 129, 131, 132, 134, 304, 320
Son of Man, 33, 83-86, 129, 134, 171-75, 195, 212, 239, 243-44, 312, 321, 343, 344, 349; in Aramaic and Greek, 83-4; and Daniel, 81-83; predictions in Luke, 212-16. See also Daniel
Song of Solomon, 400-404
Spirit. See God, Breath of.
Stars and comets, 124, 126, 128-30, 171, 176
Stephen, martyrdom of, 243-44
Sukkoth or Succoth. See Festival of Shelters [Sukkoth]
Spirit, 15. See also God, Breath of
Suetonius, Roman historian, 49, 60, 61, 92
Syria, 103-4, 113, 140-41; Caesarea, 140. See also Antioch
Tacitus, Roman historian, 58-59, 61, 62, 66, 82, 92, 128, 193-94, 203, 230
Teachings of the Missionaries (Didache), 367-68
Temple. See Jerusalem, Onias
Temptations of Jesus, 35, 129, 135-39, 179
Testament of Moses, 55
Thessalus (of Tralles?), physician, 260-71
Theophilus, in Luke, 6, 18, 191-92, 194, 206, 210, 218, 219, 242, 266, 267, 397
Thessalonians, 186, 254, 255
Theudas, prophet, 31
Thomas, pupil of Jesus, 304, 357
Thomas, Gospel of, 398
Tiberias, 105, 106, 111, 232
Tigellinus, Nero’s chief-of-police, 61, 62, 63, 82, 94, 228
Titus, Emperor, 107, 113, 178-79, 215
Trajan, Emperor, 204, 272, 274
Tyre, 206
Varus, Roman commander, 111
Vespasian, Emperor, 91-94, 109, 178
Virgin birth, 151-55, 197, 199-200, 398
Wisdom, 305-6; Jesus as, 162-71, 174, 393
Wisdom of Sira’s Son [Ben Sira], 24-27, 163-64, 169, 305-6, 329, 341
Wise men, 123-24, 136
With-us-God. See Emmanuel
Word, 7, 281, 287, 297-307; Greek logos, 313; made flesh, 299, 302-3, 313-16; Philo on, 314. See also John, Gospel of
Zaboulon, 151, 152, 153
Zacchaeus, 238-39
Zealots, 30, 36; Masada, 54; as sicarii (knifemen), 30
Zechariah, 33, 198-99, 241, 339, 340, 371, 377
Zephaniah, 29, 33
